The main assumption underlying skinners work is that it is the consequences referred to as operants. Oct 26, 2014 content theory vs process theory difference between content theory and process theory is that, content theory emphasizes on the reasons for changing the human needs frequently while process theory focuses on the psychological processes which affect motivation, with regard to the expectations, goals, and perceptions of equity. Oct 16, 2015 the process of motivation starts with the need which may be the perception of deficiency in an individual. It postulates that people can be basically self directed and creative at work, if. There could be a switch in focus from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation. Victor vrooms 1964 expectancy theory aims to explain how people choose from the available actions. The equity theory of motivation is a process theory that explores an individuals motivation to work based on the fairness or sense of equality he detects in the relationship, comparing the amount of effort he puts into any given situation to the benefits he is receiving. Comparative analysis of motivation theories article pdf available in international journal of mathematical, engineering and management sciences 11. Process theories place emphasis on the actual process of motivation. Motivation is, in fact, pressing the right button to get the desired human behaviour. The use of both content and process theories must be put into practice to motivate employees effectively. As we have previously discussed, reward is one of the key elements for a persons motivation, however, there too is a catch. Adam talks of three kinds of exchange relationships, where in the equal one, the strongest motivation can be. Where the content theories focus on the question of what motivates, the process theories address more the matters relating to how the process works and sustains itself over time, such as the aspects that determine the degree of effort.
While process theories focus on how something happens, variance theories focus on why something happens. The common trait of decreased motivation due to unequal balances of equity, is the amount of input an employee puts into their work. Equity theory, expectancy theory and the porterlawler model comes under the process theories of motivation. In simple words, discrimination acts as a demotivating factor for employees. Process cognitive theories of motivation 1 reinforcement theory argues that the behaviour that results in rewarding consequences is likely to be repeated.
Adam depicts a specific process of how this motivation occurs. Process perspective means that it approaches to motivation that focus on why people choose certain behavioral options to fulfill their needs and how they evaluate their satisfaction after they have attained these goals. Jul 09, 2017 therefore, the managers should understand the process of motivation. Pdf motivation theories have been classified into process theory and content theory in the literature. Contemporary theories of motivation cognitive evaluation theory goal setting theory self efficacy theory reinforcement theory equity theory expectancy theory 2. When an employee lacks motivation due to an unequal level of equity, there are two tactics to reinstate motivation. This article explores how different theories of motivation can be utilized by organizations to.
It is the energy that pushes us to work hard to accomplish the goals, even if. Drivereduction theory when the instinct theory of motivation failed to explain most human motivation, it was replaced by the drivereduction theory. The motivation is a drive that forces an individual to work in a certain way. The process of motivation starts with the need which may be the perception of deficiency in an individual. E xpectation theory was proposed by victor vroom in 1964, and relates to how people choose their actions.
Job satisfaction, motivation, and reward systems are included in one area of organizational theory. They are composed of equity theory, expectancy theory and goalsetting theory. Merriamwebster online dictionary says that motivation is the act or process of motivating, the condition of being motivated, a motivating for a stimulus or influence, incentive, drive. Expectancy theory is comprised of three components.
If there is any type of inequality perceived, the individual will feel. The content theories deal with what motivates people, whereas the process theories deal with, how motivation occurs. He argues that motivation is determined by individual belief about effort and performance. It argues that motivation depends on the strength of the expectation that the activity will result in a consistent and favorable outcome for an individual. Not one process fits all individuals, and leaders and administrators in the public sector should look to use content theories as a way of identifying what makes individuals tick, and subsequently look to process theories as a way of beginning a way to motivate them. Difference between content theory and process theory. Content and process theories of motivation free essay example. Process theories of motivation organizational behavior. A process theory is a system of ideas that explains how an entity changes and develops. The content theories find the answer to what motivates an individual and is concerned with individual needs and wants. Motivation is the core for human beings aspirations and achievements. Therefore, the managers should understand the process of motivation.
A process theory define motivation as a rational cognitive process occurring within the individual e. The strongest influence in this area is motivation because it overlaps into both of the other two components. Motivation process theories explore process of motivation specifications. In his need hierarchy maslow states that there are at least five set of goals which are called the basic needs. This can then help you to give praise and feedback effectively, assign them suitable tasks, and keep them motivated. Motivation is, in fact, pressing the right button to. We have appreciated earlier the importance of motivation in determining human behaviour. The psychological and behavioral processes that motivate a person to act in a particular way are referred to as process theories of motivation.
The works of skinner are cited most often in connection with the reinforcement theory. These theories are more concerned with how behavior is initiated, directed and sustained. Maslows hierarchy of needs, alderfers erg theory, herzbergs motivator hygiene theory, and mcclellands learned. So motivation theory is concerned with why and how the actuating force is activated and how it works to accomplish its goal. Pdf comparison of process theories to content theories in. Process theories of motivation are based on early cognitive theories, which posit that behavior is the result of conscious decisionmaking processes.
For example, an employee in the organization considers the need for higher pay, more challenging work, for time off etc. The distinction between content and process theories. The theory explains that a major input into job performance and satisfaction is the degree of equity or inequity that people perceive in work situations. This theory assumes that, people are not, by nature, lazy and unreliable.
How motivation comes about and how it leads to satisfaction is explained by process theories. Adams equity show more content an example is that an employee with large income is less likely to be motivated by money, and will be highly motivated by career development and social needs. The twofactor theory of herzberg 1959 is related to maslows 1943 theory of motivation, maslow in his book outlined his theory of motivation. Process theories emphasise on the real process of motivation. Expectancy theory is a theory first developed by victor vroom in 1964 and later developed by. Motivation theory 1 adams equity theory of work motivation.
His first assumption is that behaviour is voluntary. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state a drive that motivates an organism to satisfy the need hull, 1951. Theory y is positive, participating and democratic. Expectancy theory also called valenceinstrumentalityexpectancy theory or vie theory is associated with vroom, porter and lawler and it suggests that effort a is linked to the desire for a particular outcome, and bmoderated by an evaluation of the. These theories focus on the mechanism by which we choose a target, and the effort that we exert to hit the target. Look at it this way, you set a goal for yourself to lose 20 pounds before this summer. Theory desi 1971 has suggested that is situations in which individuals are experiencing a high level of intrinsic motivation, the addition of extrinsic rewards for good performance may decrease intrinsic motivation. It postulates that people can be basically self directed and creative at work, if properly motivated. This process theory of motivation in psychology, focuses on the exchange relationships of effort and reward. Using mcclellands theory in the example above would have helped you structure your feedback for the person. The expectancy theory looks at motivation in a more comprehensive and realisticthan some of the other theories.
Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological need that. Well known process theories are vrooms expectancy theory, fourdrive theory, skinners reinforcement theory and adams equity theory12. Content theories of motivation are one of the types of motivation theory. David mcclellands human motivation theory gives you a way of identifying peoples motivating drivers. Adams equity theory, which stresses the importance of striking a balance between employee inputs and outputs. Motivation is the process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Process theories of motivation written by marla rosen thursday, 05 may 2011 10. Whereas the content theories concentrate on the question of what motivates, the process theories address more the issues relating to how the process works and sustains itself over time, such as factors that determine the degree of effort, the continuation of effort, the modification of effort, etc.
The two main process theories of motivation are expectancy theory and equity theory. The expectancy theory places an emphasis on the process and on the content of motivation as well, and it integrates needs, equity and reinforcement theories. In the field of organizational behavioral studies, there are two different categories called content theories also known as need theory and. The diagonal model of job satisfaction and motivation. These needs influence the thought processes of employee that directs him to satisfy the needs by adopting a particular.
Mar 11, 2016 process cognitive theories of motivation 1 reinforcement theory argues that the behaviour that results in rewarding consequences is likely to be repeated. Skinners reinforcement theory, victor vrooms expectancy theory, adams equity theory and lockes goal setting theory figure 1. Theory z suggests that large complex organisations are human systems and their effectiveness depends on the quality of humanism used. Adams equity theory leadership skills training from. The way to see if you can attain your goal is by setting a date and the things you do to.
Motivation and learning process have a deep connection. Nature and characteristics of the expectancy theory the expectancy theory of motivation as developed by victor vroom is a process theory of motivation and it finds an important place in the literature of motivational theories. Individuals are motivated by fairness, so if they perceive a fair environment, they will be motivated, and if they feel that the work environment is unfair they will be demotivated. Contemporary theories of motivation incorporate equity, control and agency theory, as well as goal setting, reinforcement, and job design theory. Process theories of motivation try to explain why behaviors are initiated. Relevance of theories of motivation in retail business. Motivation is the process of attempting to influence others to do your will through the possibility of gain or reward. In this theory employee constantly assesses their level of effort against fellow workers and the reward. We can also have process theories, which are concerned with the thought processes that influence our behaviour. Processbased theories of motivation principles of management. Although content and process theories are different in their basis, they both work for the same goal and in times can be combined or as in this case content theory can be a part of process theory to explain it more fully and efficiently or just to bring the highest level of efficiency. This theory of motivation states that positive outcomes and high levels of motivation can be expected only when employees perceive their treatment to be fair. These theories focus on the mechanism by which we choose a target, and the effort that.
In essence, these theories examine how a persons needs will affect his behavior in order to achieve a goal related to those needs. Expectancy theory focuses on the cognitive process. Victor vrooms expectancy theory of motivation an evaluation. Thus, theories of motivation can be broadly classified as.
When the phrase is used in connection with human motivation, process theory attempts to explain the mechanism by which human needs change. Process theories of motivation stars university of. William ouchi developed theory z after making a comparative study of japanese and american management practices. Porterlawler theory is similar to the expectancy theory of motivation in that they agree with the premise that an individual is motivated to complete an action based on what they expect to receive upon completion.
Process theories of motivation how personal needs drive. The major process theories of motivation are expectancy theory, equity theory, goalsetting theory, and reinforcement theory. Process theories are often contrasted with variance theories, that is, systems of ideas that explain the variance in a dependent variable based on one or more independent variables. Motivation means a process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goods. There are several theories of motivation that are developed to explain the concept of motivation. Process and content theory of motivation and how they.
418 383 228 128 837 48 1385 577 1372 373 637 1292 220 57 674 650 604 96 222 77 9 3 906 193 669 1368 528 1012 1083 1340 435 1277 1136 877 1251 302 897 1174